Attenuation of Induced Oxidative Stress and Neurological Deficit in Tramadol Use by Co-administration with Ribena Drink and Vitamin E in Male Wistar Rats

Tramadol appears to exert its analgesic effect by binding to the μ‑opioid receptor (MOR) and modulating the noradrenergic, serotonergic activities as a serotonin‑norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and also, gamma‑aminobutyric acid (GABA) ‑ergic system. These multiple effects on different neurotransmitter systems can complicate the effects of tramadol and its addiction. It has been established that tramadol addiction is associated with structural and functional changes in prefrontal cortex. However, the mechanism through which these changes are induced is not clear. The aim of this study is to determine the attenuation of induced oxidative stress and neurological deficit in tramadol use by co-administration with ribena drink and vitamin E in male Wistar rats. Prior to this study, the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, assessed the procedure for experiments in this study and approved it in tandem with the regulatory policy for the use of animals for research purposes with Ethical no: REC/FBMS/DELSU/21/88. Forty male wistar rats (22.0±2.0 g) were divided into group A (control) received deionized water 2mls/kg/bw, treatment groups, group A: Tramadol 50mg/kg/bw, group B: Tramadol + Ribena 2mls/kg group C: Tramadol (50mg/kg) + Ribena (2mls/kg), group D: Tramadol (50mg/kg) + Ribena (2mls/kg) + Viatmin E (100mg/kg) orally administered daily for 28days. Motor functions as well as brain oxido stress biomarkers, was assessed. Histological sections of the motor cortex were also examined and the data analyzed using descriptive statistics and Anova at p=0.05. Oral exposure to tramadol induces behavioral deficits, with no histoarchitectural changes in the prefrontal cortex, however, Vitamin E and Ribena possess neuroprotective potential via antioxidant mechanism in the brain of rats. These observations confirm the neuroprotective and beneficial effects and therapeutic effect.