Refractory Heart Failure

Heart failure is a multifaceted clinical condition arising from structural or functional abnormalities that hinder the heart's capacity to fill with or pump blood effectively. The 2022 guidelines from the AHA/ACC/HFSA introduce a staging framework that classifies patients based on their clinical symptoms and disease progression. This study thoroughly examines the impact of heart failure and explores management strategies tailored to the different stages of the condition. It highlights pharmacological approaches for symptom management and cardiac remodeling, alongside interventional therapies and advanced devices such as Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators, Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy, and Left Ventricular Assist Devices.