Beneficial Soil Microorganisms in Enhancing Crop Productivity: A Review

As the world's population grows, there is a greater need for food, which has made sustainable methods necessary to boost agricultural yields while preserving the environment. Rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and actinomycetes are examples of beneficial soil microorganisms that are essential for increasing soil fertility, encouraging plant development, and strengthening crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The several molecular approaches utilized to characterize these microbes are highlighted in this study, with an emphasis on cutting-edge methods including arrays, stable isotopes, DNA-based molecular identification, integrated omics, etc. It also highlights the ways in which beneficial bacteria increase agricultural yield, such as through phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, phytohormone synthesis, and disease reduction via biocontrol. One sustainable way to lower chemical input and lessen environmental issues is to use beneficial soil microorganisms into precision farming and the creation of biofertilizer. This article offers a thorough grasp of molecular characterisation methods and how to use them to increase crop output by using soil microbial diversity, opening the door to sustainable farming methods.